A&k M7799 Airsoft Electric Gun Aeg Rifle
A&k M7799 Airsoft Electric Gun Aeg Rifle
| A | |
|---|---|
| A a | |
| (See beneath) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabet |
| Language of origin | Latin linguistic communication |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0041, U+0061 |
| Alphabetical position | 1 Numerical value: 1 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time catamenia | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (See beneath) |
| Other | |
| Other messages normally used with | a(x), ae, eau |
| Associated numbers | i |
A, or a, is the first alphabetic character and the commencement vowel of the modernistic English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.[1] [2] Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes.[nb 1] It is like in shape to the Ancient Greek alphabetic character blastoff, from which it derives.[3] The majuscule version consists of the 2 slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version can be written in 2 forms: the double-storey a and single-storey ɑ. The latter is usually used in handwriting and fonts based on it, peculiarly fonts intended to be read past children, and is likewise constitute in italic blazon.
In the English grammar, "a", and its variant "an", are indefinite manufactures.
History
| Egyptian | Proto-Sinaitic ʾalp | Proto-Canaanite | Phoenician aleph | Greek Alpha | Etruscan A | Latin/ Cyrillic A | Greek Uncial | Latin 300 Advert Uncial | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
The primeval certain antecedent of "A" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet,[4] which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is likewise called an abjad to distinguish information technology from a true alphabet). In turn, the antecedent of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script[5] influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled every bit a triangular caput with ii horns extended.
When the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter to stand for the glottal stop—the consonant sound that the letter denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the first phoneme of the Phoenician pronunciation of the alphabetic character—then they used their version of the sign to represent the vowel /a/, and called it by the similar name of alpha. In the earliest Greek inscriptions after the Greek Night Ages, dating to the 8th century BC, the letter of the alphabet rests upon its side, but in the Greek alphabet of after times it generally resembles the modern capital letter, although many local varieties tin can be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is set.
The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their civilisation in the Italian Peninsula and left the letter unchanged. The Romans after adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write the Latin language, and the resulting letter of the alphabet was preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to be used to write many languages, including English.
Typographic variants
Different glyphs of the lowercase letter A.
During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter "A". First was the awe-inspiring or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other "permanent" media. There was also a cursive mode used for everyday or utilitarian writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the "perishable" nature of these surfaces, there are non as many examples of this style every bit there are of the monumental, merely there are still many surviving examples of different types of cursive, such as majuscule cursive, minuscule cursive, and semicursive minuscule. Variants as well existed that were intermediate between the monumental and cursive styles. The known variants include the early semi-uncial, the uncial, and the later semi-uncial.[vi]
At the cease of the Roman Empire (5th century AD), several variants of the cursive minuscule developed through Western Europe. Among these were the semicursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in French republic, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon capital letter of Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. By the 9th century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the present-mean solar day grade, was the principal form used in book-making, before the appearance of the printing printing. This form was derived through a combining of prior forms.[half-dozen]
Road sign in Ireland, showing the Irish "Latin blastoff" form of "a" in lower and upper case forms.
15th-century Italy saw the germination of the ii main variants that are known today. These variants, the Italic and Roman forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic class, also called script a, is used in well-nigh current handwriting; information technology consists of a circle and vertical stroke on the correct ("ɑ"). This slowly developed from the fifth-century form resembling the Greek letter of the alphabet tau in the hands of medieval Irish gaelic and English writers.[iv] The Roman form is used in near printed material; it consists of a small loop with an arc over it ("a").[6] Both derive from the majuscule (capital) course. In Greek handwriting, information technology was common to bring together the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the uncial version shown. Many fonts so made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the right leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed course, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten class. Graphic designers refer to the Italic and Roman forms as "single decker a" and "double decker a" respectively.
Italic type is commonly used to marking emphasis or more generally to distinguish one part of a text from the rest (set in Roman type). In that location are some other cases bated from italic type where script a ("ɑ"), besides called Latin alpha, is used in contrast with Latin "a" (such as in the International Phonetic Alphabet).
Use in writing systems
Pronunciation of the name of the letter ⟨a⟩ in European languages, note that /a/ and /aː/ can differ phonetically between [a], [ä], [æ] and [ɑ] depending on the language.
English
In modern English orthography, the letter ⟨a⟩ represents at least seven different vowel sounds:
- the well-nigh-open forepart unrounded vowel /æ/ as in pad;
- the open dorsum unrounded vowel /ɑː/ equally in father, which is closer to its original Latin and Greek sound;[five]
- the diphthong /eɪ/ every bit in ace and major (usually when ⟨a⟩ is followed past one, or occasionally two, consonants and so another vowel letter) – this results from Heart English lengthening followed by the Bang-up Vowel Shift;
- the modified form of the above sound that occurs before ⟨r⟩, as in square and Mary;
- the rounded vowel of water;
- the shorter rounded vowel (not present in Full general American) in was and what;[iv]
- a schwa, in many unstressed syllables, as in about, comma, solar.
The double ⟨aa⟩ sequence does not occur in native English words, but is found in some words derived from foreign languages such equally Aaron and aardvark.[vii] Nonetheless, ⟨a⟩ occurs in many mutual digraphs, all with their own sound or sounds, particularly ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩, ⟨aw⟩, ⟨ay⟩, ⟨ea⟩ and ⟨oa⟩.
⟨a⟩ is the third-most-usually used letter in English (subsequently ⟨east⟩ and ⟨t⟩) and French, the second most common in Spanish, and the virtually common in Portuguese. About 8.167% of letters used in English texts tend to exist ⟨a⟩;[8] the number is around 7.636% in French,[nine] eleven.525% in Castilian,[10] and fourteen.634% for Portuguese.[eleven]
Other languages
In almost languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨a⟩ denotes an open unrounded vowel, such as /a/, /ä/, or /ɑ/. An exception is Saanich, in which ⟨a⟩ (and the glyph Á) stands for a shut-mid front unrounded vowel /e/.
Other systems
In phonetic and phonemic annotation:
- in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open up front unrounded vowel, ⟨ä⟩ is used for the open cardinal unrounded vowel, and ⟨ɑ⟩ is used for the open back unrounded vowel.
- in Ten-SAMPA, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open front unrounded vowel and ⟨A⟩ is used for the open back unrounded vowel.
Other uses
In algebra, the letter a along with various other letters of the alphabet is often used to denote a variable, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. Moreover, in 1637, René Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations past x, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c",[12] and this convention is all the same often followed, especially in elementary algebra.
In geometry, capital A, B, C etc. are used to denote segments, lines, rays, etc.[6] A capital A is too typically used as 1 of the letters to stand for an angle in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side opposite angle A.[5]
"A" is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or condition: A-, A or A+, the all-time grade that tin can be assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; "A grade" for clean restaurants; A-list celebrities, etc. Such associations can have a motivating effect, as exposure to the letter A has been found to meliorate performance, when compared with other letters.[13]
"A" is used equally a prefix on some words, such every bit asymmetry, to mean "not" or "without" (from Greek).
In English language grammar, "a", and its variant "an", is an indefinite commodity, used to introduce noun phrases.
Finally, the letter A is used to denote size, as in a narrow size shoe,[5] or a small cup size in a brassiere.[14]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- A with diacritics: Å å Ǻ ǻ Ḁ ḁ ẚ Ă ă Ặ ặ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ȃ ȃ Â â Ậ ậ Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẫ ẫ Ẩ ẩ Ả ả Ǎ ǎ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ạ ạ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ À à Ȁ ȁ Á á Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ Ã ã Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ ᶏ[15]
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A (the International Phonetic Alphabet simply uses lowercase, but uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɑ ɑ : Latin letter alpha / script A, which represents an open up dorsum unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶐ : Latin small letter alpha with retroflex hook[15]
- Ɐ ɐ : Turned A, which represents a near-open central vowel in the IPA
- Λ ʌ : Turned Five (also called a wedge, a caret, or a hat), which represents an open-mid back unrounded vowel in the IPA
- Ɒ ɒ : Turned blastoff / script A, which represents an open back rounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶛ : Modifier letter small turned alpha[15]
- ᴀ : Small majuscule A, an obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent various sounds (mainly open vowels)
- A a ᵄ : Modifier messages are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA)[16] (sometimes encoded with Unicode subscripts and superscripts)
- a : Subscript small a is used in Indo-European studies[17]
- ꬱ : Pocket-sized letter a reversed-schwa is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[18]
- Ꞻ ꞻ : Glottal A, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic[19]
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- ª : an ordinal indicator
- Å : Ångström sign
- ∀ : a turned uppercase letter A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification ("for all")
- @ : At sign
- ₳ : Argentine austral
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤀 : Semitic letter Aleph, from which the following symbols originally derive[20]
- Α α : Greek letter Alpha, from which the post-obit letters derive[21]
- А а : Cyrillic letter A[22]
- Ⲁ ⲁ : Coptic letter Alpha[23]
- 𐌀 : Erstwhile Italic A, which is the ancestor of modern Latin A[24] [25]
- ᚨ : Runic letter ansuz, which probably derives from erstwhile Italic A[26]
- 𐌰 : Gothic letter aza/asks[27]
- Α α : Greek letter Alpha, from which the post-obit letters derive[21]
- Ա ա : Armenian letter Ayb
Computing codes
| Preview | A | a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode proper name | LATIN Capital letter Letter A | LATIN SMALL Alphabetic character A | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 65 | U+0041 | 97 | U+0061 |
| UTF-viii | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
| Numeric character reference | A | A | a | a |
| EBCDIC family | 193 | C1 | 129 | 81 |
| ASCII 1 | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
- 1 Besides for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
Notes
- ^ Aes is the plural of the name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered Asouthward, A'south, asouthward, or a'south.[two]
Footnotes
- ^ "Latin alphabet | Definition, Clarification, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved three March 2021.
- ^ a b Simpson & Weiner 1989, p. i
- ^ McCarter 1974, p. 54
- ^ a b c Hoiberg 2010, p. 1
- ^ a b c d Hall-Quest 1997, p. one
- ^ a b c d Diringer 2000, p. 1
- ^ Gelb & Whiting 1998, p. 45
- ^ "Letter frequency (English language)". en.algoritmy.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ "Corpus de Thomas Tempé". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved xv June 2007.
- ^ Pratt, Fletcher (1942). Hugger-mugger and Urgent: The story of codes and ciphers. Garden Metropolis, NY: Bluish Ribbon Books. pp. 254–5. OCLC 795065.
- ^ "Frequência da ocorrência de letras no Português". Archived from the original on iii August 2009. Retrieved xvi June 2009.
- ^ Tom Sorell, Descartes: A Very Curt Introduction, (2000). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 19.
- ^ Ciani & Sheldon 2010, pp. 99–100
- ^ Luciani, Jené (2009). The Bra Book: The Manner Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra. Dallas, TX: Benbella Books. p. thirteen. ISBN9781933771946. OCLC 317453115.
- ^ a b c Constable, Peter (19 April 2004), L2/04-132 Proposal to Add together Additional Phonetic Characters to the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002), L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet Characters for the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 19 Feb 2018, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004), L2/04-191: Proposal to Encode Six Indo-Europeanist Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via world wide web.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (two June 2011), L2/eleven-202: Revised Proposal to Encode "Teuthonista" Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via world wide web.unicode.org
- ^ Suignard, Michel (ix May 2017), L2/17-076R2: Revised Proposal for the Encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic Characters (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on thirty March 2019, retrieved viii March 2019 – via world wide web.unicode.org
- ^ Jensen, Hans (1969). Sign, Symbol, and Script. New York: G.P. Putman's Sons.
- ^ "Hebrew Lesson of the Week: The Letter of the alphabet Aleph". 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018 – via The Times of Israel.
- ^ "Cyrillic Alphabet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ Silvestre, K. J. B. (1850). Universal Palaeography. Translated past Madden, Frederic. London: Henry G. Bohn. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Frothingham, A. L., Jr. (1891). "Italic Studies". Archaeological News. American Journal of Archaeology. 7 (4): 534. JSTOR496497. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Steele, Philippa M., ed. (2017). Understanding Relations Between Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN9781785706479. Archived from the original on half dozen May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin Westward. (2010). Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction (second ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359688. Archived from the original on 14 August 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ "𐌰". Wiktionary. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
References
- "English Letter Frequency". Math Explorer'southward Guild. Cornell University. 2004. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- "Percentages of Alphabetic character Frequencies per Thousand Words". Trinity College. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved xi May 2015.
- Ciani, Keith D.; Sheldon, Kennon M. (2010). "A Versus F: The Effects of Implicit Letter of the alphabet Priming on Cognitive Performance". British Journal of Educational Psychology. 80 (1): 99–119. doi:10.1348/000709909X466479. PMID 19622200.
- Diringer, David (2000). "A". In Bayer, Patricia (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. I: A-Anjou (Outset ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-0133-4.
- Gelb, I. J.; Whiting, R. M. (1998). "A". In Ranson, K. Anne (ed.). Academic American Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A–Ang (First ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-2068-seven.
- Hall-Quest, Olga Wilbourne (1997). "A". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier'southward Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A to Ameland (Outset ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "A". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1: A-ak–Bayes. Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN978-1-59339-837-8.
- McCarter, P. Kyle (1974). "The Early Improvidence of the Alphabet". The Biblical Archaeologist. 37 (3): 54–68. doi:x.2307/3210965. JSTOR 3210965. S2CID 126182369.
- Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E.Due south.C., eds. (1989). "A". The Oxford English Dictionary. Vol. I: A–Bazouki (2nd ed.). Oxford, Uk: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-861213-i.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to A. |
 | Look upwards A or a in Wiktionary, the gratuitous lexicon. |
- History of the Alphabet
-
Texts on Wikisource: - "A" in A Dictionary of the English Language past Samuel Johnson
- "A". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- "A". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "A". The New Pupil's Reference Piece of work. 1914.
- "A". Collier'south New Encyclopedia. 1921.
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